Verbal Practice Exercise-01

Strengthen:

Commercially available chemical fertilizers contain the same nutrients and micronutrients as organic fertilizers such as manure and composted garden clippings. Plants have tiny root hairs that absorb nutrients, and whether the source of the nutrients is organic or chemical is irrelevant to the plant’s ability to take in the nutrients. Nevertheless, organic fertilizers are better for the health of the plant than are chemical fertilizers alone.

1. Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the position above?

(A)The nutrients in organic fertilizers are slowly released to the plant over time, rather than being absorbed by the plant immediately.
(B)In organic fertilizers, the natural combination of nutrients with other natural materials makes the nutrients more usable by the plant than nutrients found in chemical fertilizers.
(C)Plants often must be provided with nutrients because naturally occurring nutrients in the surrounding soil are depleted or washed away over time.
(D)The typical gardener can’t easily know the exact amount and type of nutrients in an organic fertilizer such as manure.
(E)Chemical fertilizers produced by the leading manufacturer contain nutrients that are no harder for the plants to absorb than those provided by the competitor’s chemical fertilizer.

Seventy-five percent of the subjects in an experiment consumed only organic foods grown without the use of pesticides. After a two-year period of the study, this group exhibited significantly high immunity to the common cold and flu than did the other subjects – the control group – who did not consume only organic foods. The positive effects of organic foods were attributed to the absence of both harmful pesticides used in growing non-organic fruits and vegetables, and their residues, which are often ingested when eating such food.

2. Which of the following, if true, would best support the conclusion that the absence of pesticides in organic foods was responsible for the experimental results?

A) The adult population generally does not consume as much organic food as what was consumed by the experimental group members.

B) Some of the pesticides referred to in the conclusion of the study have been proven by other studies to have no positive or negative effect on immunity to the common cold and flu.

C) The quantity of the organic foods consumed by individuals in the experimental group would have a total cost so prohibitive that such consumption would be impractical for most individuals not financially supported by a scientific study.

D) The two groups of subjects had equal levels of immunity to the common cold and flu prior to the experiment.

E) A second follow-up experiment in which subjects consumed only organic foods lacked a control group of subjects who ate non-organic foods.

Advertisement: At most jewelry stores, the person assessing the diamond is the person selling it so you can see why an assessor might say that a diamond is of higher quality than it really is. But because all diamonds sold at Gem World are certified in writing, you’re assured of a fair price when purchasing a diamond from Gem World.

3. The reasoning in the advertisement would be most strengthened if which one of the following were true?

A. Many jewelry stores other than Gem World also provide written certification of the quality of their diamonds.
B. The certifications of diamonds at Gem World are written by people with years of experience in appraising gems.
C. The diamonds sold at Gem World are generally of higher quality than those sold at other jewelry stores.
D. The diamond market is so volatile that prices of the most expensive diamonds can change by hundreds of dollars from one day to the next.
E. The written certifications of diamonds at Gem World are provided by an independent company of gem specialists.

After its customers complained about being pressured to buy unneeded insurance, an insurance agency stopped rewarding its agents for high sales volume and instead gave them bonuses for high levels of customer satisfaction. Under this new plan, both customer satisfaction and the insurance agency’s sales increased.

4. Each of the following, if true, helps to explain how the change in incentives for agents could have resulted in increased sales EXCEPT:

A. Customers were so pleased that the insurance agency had responded to their complaints that they recommended the agency to their friends.
B. Agents listened more closely to customers of long standing and were able to sell them additional insurance policies that met new needs.
C. Agents more frequently postponed completing the attendant paperwork even after the terms for an insurance policy were settled to the satisfaction of the client.
D. Dissatisfied customers of other agencies, attracted by the reports of the change in agency policy, became customers of the agency.
E. Having come to trust the increased judiciousness of the agents’ recommendations, customers approached the agency to discuss and ultimately to buy more supplementary insurance than they previously had bought under pressure.

The number of aircraft collisions on the ground is increasing because of the substantial increase in the number of flights operated by the airlines. Many of the fatalities that occur in such collisions are caused not by the collision itself, but by an inherent flaw in the cabin design of most aircraft, in which seats, by restricting access to emergency exits, impede escape. Therefore, to reduce the total number of fatalities that result annually from such collisions, the airlines should be required to remove all seats that restrict access to emergency exits.

5. Which one of the following, if true, provides the most support for the proposal?

(A) The number of deaths that occurred in theater fires because theater patrons could not escape was greatly reduced when theaters were required to have aisles leading to each exit.

(B) Removing the seats that block emergency exits on aircraft will require a costly refitting of aircraft cabins.

(C) In the event of fire, public buildings equipped with smoke detectors have fewer fatalities than do public buildings not so equipped.

(D) In the event of collision, passengers on planes with a smaller passenger capacity generally suffer more serious injury than do passengers on planes with a larger passenger capacity.

(E) The safety belts attached to aircraft seats function to protect passengers from the full force of impact in the event of a collision.

Excavation of the ancient city of Kourion on the island of Cyprus revealed a pattern of debris and collapsed buildings typical of towns devastated by earthquakes. Archaeologists have hypothesized that the destruction was due to a major earthquake known to have occurred near the island in A.D. 365.

6. Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the archaeologists’ hypothesis?

(A) Bronze ceremonial drinking vessels that are often found in graves dating from years preceding and following A.D. 365 were also found in several graves near Kourion.
(B) No coins minted after A.D. 365 were found in Kourion, but coins minted before that year were found in abundance.
(C) Most modern histories of Cyprus mention that an earthquake occurred near the island in A.D. 365.
(D) Several small statues carved in styles current in Cyprus in the century between A.D. 300 and 400 were found in Kourion.
(E) Stone inscriptions in a form of the Greek alphabet that was definitely used in Cyprus after A.D. 365 were found in Kourion.

Bob and Linda are tired of the freezing cold days in Glenmont, so they are considering retiring to either Sunny Glen or Buena Vista. Bob points out that Sunny Glen has an average annual temperature 8 degrees Fahrenheit higher than that of Buena Vista. Linda insists, however, that Buena Vista would be the better choice.

7. Which of the following, if true, best accounts for Linda’s preference for Buena Vista?

A. Different people experience cold in different ways, so what seems cold to Linda may seem pleasantly cool to Bob.
B. Sunny Glen has a somewhat higher risk of hurricanes than does Glenmont.
C. Buena Vista has a range of cultural offerings, including an opera, a ballet, and three jazz clubs.
D. Living in a place that gets very hot, such as Sunny Glen, can have as many health risks as living in a place that gets very cold.
E. While Sunny Glen is warmer than Buena Vista in the summer, it also has more freezing cold days in the winter.

Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill tend to be larger when the bill is presented with the server’s name hand-written on the bill. Psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a handwritten name makes many consumers feel more of a personal identification with the server, encouraging larger tips.

8. Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies?

(A) The effect noted in the studies applies to patrons paying with either credit cards or cash.
(B) Nametags for servers have not been shown to have any effect on the size of the bill.
(C) Greeting card companies have found that charities which send holiday cards with and written signatures are more likely to receive donations than those which send cards with printed signatures.
(D) The studies indicated much larger average tips if the customer ordered alcoholic beverages with his or her meal.
(E) Many of the restaurants in which the studies were conducted are located in tourist areas, where people are traveling for leisure activities.

World-class marathon runners do not run more than six miles per day when they are training. Therefore, if you run more than six miles per day, you are not worldclass

9. Which of the following statements supports its conclusion in the same manner as the argument above?

A. Sprinters always run in the morning. If it is morning, and you see someone running, it will not be a sprinter.
B. Paint never dries in less than three hours. If it dries in less than three hours, it is not paint.
C. Little League games are more fun for the parents than for the children who actually play. Therefore, the parents should be made to play.
D. If a car starts in the morning, chances are it will start again that evening. Our car always starts in the morning, and it always starts in the evening as well.
E. If you sleep less than four hours per night, you may be doing yourself a disservice. Studies have shown that the most valuable sleep occurs in the fifth hour.

It has recently been proposed that we adopt an all-volunteer army. This policy was tried on a limited basis several years ago and was a miserable failure. The level of education of the volunteers was unacceptably low, while levels of drug use and crime soared among army personnel. Can we trust our national defense to a volunteer army? The answer is clearly “No.”

10. Which of the following statements, if true, most strengthens the author’s claim that an all-volunteer army should not be implemented?

A. The general level of education has risen since the first time an all-volunteer army was tried.
B. The proposal was made by an organization called Citizens for Peace.
C. The first attempt to create a volunteer army was carried out according to the same plan now under proposal and under the same conditions as those that exist today.
D. A volunteer army would be less expensive than an army that relies on the draft.
E. The size of the army needed today is smaller than that needed when a volunteer army was first tried.

Top Line Technologies and Eureka Industries distribute the same kind of rechargeable batteries to national electronic store chains. Employee wages comprise 38 percent of each company’s total annual costs. In order to gain a competitive advantage over Eureka Industries, Top Line Technologies has proposed slashing employee wages by 10 percent.

11. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument above?

A. Top Line Technologies’ rechargeable batteries have received more consistent consumer approval ratings than have Eureka Industries’.
B. Top Line Technologies will have to reduce the number of rechargeable batteries it distributes to client stores.
C. Eureka Industries is headquartered in a city that has a higher cost of living than does the city where Top Line Technologies is headquartered.
D. Top Line Technologies will begin distributing lower-quality rechargeable batteries.
E. Lowered employee wages have no effect on the quantity of rechargeable batteries that can be distributed to the client stores.

According to local tradition, Sultan Abu ibn al-Hasan founded the East African trading state of Kilwa in the mid-tenth century. Professor Ascalon, however, argues that Sultan al-Hasan did not rule in Kilwa until at least a century later.

12. Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for Professor Ascalon’s position?

A. The Hunsu Kubwa Palace, the largest stone structure in sub-Saharan Africa prior to the eighteenth century, dates to the rule of Sultan Sulaiman in the fourteenth century.
B. The oldest mosque on the island, which has traditionally been attributed to the reign of Abu ibn al-Hasan, has a foundation dating to ca. 800 C.E.
C. The Kilwa Chronicle, a document based on Kilwa oral history that has been shown to be unreliable on matters of chronology, dates the rise to power of Sultan al-Hasan to the
year 957 C.E.
D. Silver and copper coins bearing the name of Abu ibn al-Hasan have been found in archeological sites dating from the late eleventh to the fourteenth centuries, but none
have been found in sites dating earlier than the late eleventh century.
E. Archeological records suggest that the island of Kilwa enjoyed a period of economic prosperity beginning in the mid-eleventh century.

Any combination of overwork and stress inevitably leads of insomnia. Managers at HiCorp, Inc., all suffer from stress. A majority of the managers despite their doctors warnings work well over 60 hours per week, whereas the other managers work no more than the normal 40 hours per week. HiCorp gives regular bonuses only to employees who work more than 40 hours per week.

13. Which of the following conclusions is most strongly supported by the statements above?

(A) Managers at HiCorp work under conditions that are more stressful than the conditions under which managers at most other companies work.

(B) Most of the employee bonuses given by HiCorp are given to managers.

(D) No manager at HiCorp who works only 40 hours per week suffers from overwork.

(E) Most of the managers at HiCorp who receive regular bonuses have insomnia.

Due to budget constraints for the upcoming year, the corporate office of the Super Video chain has elected to reduce the amount of advertising funding it provides to individual chain stores in rural areas. To offset this loss in advertising funding, the manager of one such store, Store 123, has elected to raise late fees from $2.00 per day to $2.50 per day. Despite the fee increase, the store manager has not seen a reduction in the number of videos returned late. The manager has concluded that the late fee increase will help to offset the cut in company funding.

14. Which of the following statements, if true, most strengthens the manager’s claim?

A. Since the late fee increase, salespeople at Store 123 have noticed a drop in sales of used DVDs and VHS tapes.
B. Store 123 had to spend a small amount of its monthly advertising budget to let customers know about the new late fee.
C. Store 123 is part of Super Video’s corporate video tracking system, which allows Store 123 to know exactly how many videos are overdue in real time.
D. Since the advertising budget reduction, Store 123 has had to lay off one salesperson, reducing costs by ten percent.
E. Since the fee increase, the average number of days a video is late has not changed.

Skilled blacksmiths who could forge useful items out of iron used to play a central role in American life. The onset of industrialization and the mass production of iron products, however, have made the blacksmith’s traditional role mostly obsolete. Still, there will always be a job available for a good blacksmith.

15. Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the conclusion that a job will always be available for a good blacksmith?

A. Many people are willing to pay considerably more for tools hand-crafted by a blacksmith than for tools created by a machine.
B. Blacksmiths cannot produce iron products with the speed or consistency of machines.
C. Blacksmiths traditionally apprenticed to a master blacksmith for seven or more years before entering business independently.
D. The cowboy never would have conquered the West without the horseshoes crafted by blacksmiths.
E. As skilled craftsmen, blacksmiths traditionally served as community leaders throughout North America and Europe.

Weaken:

Due to recent budget constraints, Mercy Hospital is being forced to eliminate 10 percent of its x-ray technicians, the employees responsible for ensuring proper x-rays, adjusting and fixing equipments, and processing clerical reports. The administrators have decided that to preserve the hospital’s standards of expert care, the technicians who take the longest time, on average, to fulfill their duties will be the ones let go.

16. Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the administrators’ criterion for choosing which workers to release?

A. If the technicians at Mercy Hospitals are let go, they will be able to find jobs at other local hospitals.
B. The most complicated and time-consuming x-ray procedures are assigned to the most experienced and qualified x-ray technicians.
C. Surgeons cannot proceed with surgery until the results of the x-rays are processed.
D. The cost of an x-ray at Mercy Hospital is no higher than the cost of x rays at other local hospitals.
E. X-ray technicians make up a smaller proportion of the hospital staff than do nurses.

As a result of changes in cultural norms and dynamics, a boutique financial research company is considering implementing flex-time, which enables employees to work during any time of the day from any location as long as they are present at the office from 12:30 pm to 3:30 pm on weekdays. By comparison, workers currently must be in the office from 8am to 5pm. Firm management believes this change will help meet three key goals: decrease total costs, increase productivity, and improve product quality.

17. Which of the following, if true, most weakens the argument of firm’s management?

A) Some new costs will arise as a result of telecommuting.

B) A similar firm tried a version of flex-time and abandoned it after a month for unknown reasons.

C) The firm in question performs work that requires frequent and extensive in-person collaboration.

D) The firm in question recently lost its most experienced research analyst due to his perception of the firm’s poor work-life balance.

E) The firm in question works on projects that often take weeks to complete.

Lauren is clearly going to make an awful professor. Nearly half of her students failed their final this past spring. She should probably choose another career path, because her students’ performance demonstrates that she doesn’t teach very well.

18. What statement, if true, most weakens the argument above?

A.This was Lauren’s second time teaching a college class.

B.The class Lauren was teaching is a required class for all freshmen.

C.The students who failed the exam also had poor attendance.

D.The students who passed the exam attended an optional review session Lauren’s teaching assistant held.

E.Lauren struggled early in the semester with lesson planning.

On average, the number of speeding tickets issued in County X every year is three times greater than the number of speeding tickets issued in County Y during the same period. Therefore, the number of people who exceed the speed limit must be higher in County X than in County Y.

19. Which of the following describes a flaw in the reasoning above?

A) The argument fails to take into account that the speed limit may be different in the two counties.
b) The argument fails to take into account that the number of tickets issued in County X may reflect a lower proportion of drivers overall in that county.
c) The argument fails to take into account that a single driver can receive more than one ticket in a given year.
d) The argument fails to take into account that residents of County Y may be more law-abiding overall.
e) The argument fails to take into account that residents of County X may not be aware of the speed limit in that county.

President: My opponents are arguing that my recent tax increase is responsible for our slumping economy. However, they are clearly mistaken. When their party was in power 12 years ago, they raised taxes and the economy did not suffer.

20. Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the president’sassertion?

A. The current tax increase is smaller than the tax increase enacted 12 years ago.
B. Over half the population supported the tax increase 12 years ago but only a third support the current increase.
C. Most economic indicators show the current state of the economy to be similar to the state of the economy 12 years ago.
D. Twelve years ago a housing boom offset any negative impact the tax increase had on the economy.
E. The president’s party has only been in power for two years after 12 years of opposition control of the government.

Psychologists conducted a series of experiments to test the effect upon schoolchildren of violence in films. In the first experiment, grammar school children were shown a film that included scenes of a male teenager engaging in violent acts against others, such as punching, pushing, and kicking. During a free-play session following the film viewing, 42 percent of the children were observed to engage in one or more violent acts similar to those in the film. In a second experiment, a different group of children was shown a similar film featuring a female teenager. Only 14 percent of the children were observed behaving violently afterward. The psychologists concluded that children are more likely to imitate violent behavior on film when a male model is shown than when a female model is shown.

21. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the psychologists’ conclusion?

(A) In both experiments, the victims of the filmed violence included both males and females.
(B) In the second experiment, 28 percent of the children appeared upset during the viewing the violent film scenes.
(C) The first group included 19 male students and 20 female students; the second group included 20 male students and 21 female students.
(D) In the first group, 58 percent of the children appeared bored during the showing of the film, and 12 percent fell asleep.
(E) The percentage of children known to have discipline problems prior to the experiment was greater in the first group than in the second group.

Nate: Recently a craze has developed for home juicers, $300 machines that separate the pulp of the fruits and vegetables from the juice they contain. Outrageous claims are being made about the benefits of these devices: Drinking the juice they produce is said to help one lose weight or acquire a clear complexion, to aid in digestion, and even to prevent cancer. But there is no indication that juice separated from the pulp of the fruit or vegetable has any properties that it does not have when unseparated. Save your money, if you want carrot juice, eat a carrot.

22. Which of the following, if true, most calls into question Nate’s argument?

(A) Most people find it much easier to consume a given quantity of nutrients in liquid form than to eat solid foods containing the same quantity of the same nutrients.

(B) Drinking juice from home juicers is less healthy than is eating fruits and vegetables because such juice does not contain the fiber that is eaten if one consumes the entire fruit or vegetable.

(D) Nate was a member of a panel that extensively evaluated early prototypes of home juicers

(E) Vitamin pills that supposedly contain nutrients available elsewhere only in fruits and vegetables often contain a form of those compounds that cannot be as easily metabolized as the varieties found in fruit and vegetables.

In Townville, most smokers play tennis, and most nonsmokers do not play tennis. Therefore, in Townville, most tennis players smoke.

23. Which of the following exhibits a pattern of flawed reasoning most similar to that in the argument above?

A. In Townville, most Lions Club members were born in Townville, and most of the residents who are not Lions Club members were not born in Townville. Therefore, most of the residents who were born in Townville are Lions Club members.

B. In Townville, most of the people who live west of Main Street own a GPS live east of Main Street. Therefore, most of the people in Townville own a GPS.

C. In Townville, most cat owners own exactly one dog, and most dog owners own more than one dog. Therefore, most of the people in Townville who own more than one dog do not own any cats.

D. In Townville, most tennis players play golf, but not every golfer plays tennis. Therefore, in Townville, there are more tennis players than golfers.

E. In Townville, most of the houses are painted red, and most of the houses have a pool. Therefore, in Townville, most of the houses are painted red and have a pool.

Over the past decade, many companies have begun using automated telephone services; callers hear a machine-generated voice and are able to select options using the numbers on the telephone keypad. Research shows that callers are more patient when the machine-generated voice is that of a woman. Thus, smaller companies that cannot afford automated services should consider hiring women, rather than men, to interact with costomers by phone.

24. Which of the following, if true, would be most damaging to the conclusion above?

A. Automated telephone services are becoming cheaper and cheaper every year.
B. Patient customers tend to order more products and return fewer products than impatient customers.
C. A separated study indicated that extra patience exhibited by callers is limited to interactions with an automated system.
D. Some customers prefer automated systems to talking with a live person.
E. On average, callers are only slightly more patient when interacting with a female voice, rather than a male voice, in an automated telephone system.

An overly centralized economy, not the changes in the climate, is responsible for the poor agricultural production in country x since its new government came to power. Neighboring country y has experienced the same climate conditions, but while agricultural production has been falling in country x, it has been rising in country y.

25. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument?

(a) Industrial production also is declining in country x.
(b) Whereas country y is landlocked, country x has a major seaport.
(c) Both country x and country y have been experiencing drought conditions.
(d) The crops that have always been grown in country x are different from those that have always been grown in country y.
(e) Country x’s new government instituted a centralized economy with the intention of ensuring an equitable distribution of goods.

Ostrich meat, which is low in fat and cholesterol, is becoming popular in the United States among dieters and those concerned with health. However, ostriches are an endangered species. If the popularity of ostrich meat continues to grow at the present rate, ostriches will inevitably become extinct.

26. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

(A) Ostrich meat is not any healthier than lean beef, which is available everywhere and less expensive.
(B) Ostrich meat is considered by many to be a gourmet food, suitable only for special occasions.
(C) Concerns about avian flu, although spurious, have caused many consumers to avoid ostrich meat.
(D) An increased demand for ostrich meat will lead to increased ostrich farming, thus increasing the number of ostriches.
(E) Ostriches are killed more frequently for their feathers and for the making of leather than they are for meat.

Violent crime in this town is a becoming a serious problem. Compared to last year, local law enforcement agencies have responded to 17 percent more calls involving violent crimes, showing that the average citizen of this town is more likely than ever to become a victim of a violent crime.

27. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A. The town’s overall crime rate appears to have risen slightly this year compared to the same period last year.
B. In general, persons under the age of 65 are less likely to be victims of violent crimes than persons over the age of 65.
C. As a result of the town’s community outreach programs, more people than ever are willing to report violent crimes to the proper authorities.
D. In response to worries about violent crime, the town has recently opened a community center providing supervised activities for teenagers.
E. Community officials have shown that a relatively small number of repeat offenders commit the majority of violent crimes in the town.

The Elk City garbage dumps are so full that Elk City has been forced to pay a large sum to Caribou City to accept much of Elk City’s garbage. The Elk City mayor has proposed paying for this garbage relocation by imposing a tax on manufacturing businesses in Elk City. MegaCorp, the largest manufacturing business in the area, protests that this tax is unfair because businesses should not have to pay for a garbage problem that has been created by homeowners.

28. Which of the following, if true, most weakens MegaCorp’s argument?

A. MegaCorp already pays more than $10,000 per year in taxes and fees to Elk City.
B. MegaCorp employs more than 60 percent of the employed residents of Elk City.
C. A recycling program would address the garbage problem more effectively by reducing the overall quantity of waste.
D. MegaCorp’s manufacturing processes produce more than 90 percent of the total waste that goes into Elk City’s garbage dumps.
E. Caribou City is happy to receive the extra garbage because the fees it collects from Elk City have helped to address a shortfall in education funding.

Recently in our county, sales of beer have suffered a significant decline in restaurants, nightlife establishments, and retail stores. During this same time, the sheriff’s office has initiated a new and well-funded campaign against the short-term dangers and long-term health risks caused by alcohol consumption. Therefore, the decrease in beer consumption has been caused by consumers’ awareness of the dangers and risks of alcohol consumption.

29. Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the explanation above?

A. On average, people in the town consume 30 percent less beer today than they did two years ago.

B. Heavy beer drinkers may have withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety, that create other difficulties in their lives.

C. Sales of beer in different channels, such as in restaurants and in bars, have not all declined at the same rate.

D. The sheriff’s campaign has been negative in tone and has largely relied on local TV advertising employing scare tactics.

E. Although beer consumption has without a doubt decreased, wine consumption in the town has significantly increased.

Six months or so after getting a video recorder, many early buyers apparently lost interest in obtaining videos to watch on it. The trade of businesses selling and renting videos is still buoyant, because the number of homes with video recorders is still growing. But clearly, once the market for video recorders is saturated, businesses distributing videos face hard times.

30. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion above?

(A) The market for video recorders would not be considered saturated until there was one in 80 percent of homes.
(B) Among the items handled by video distributors are many films specifically produced as video features.
(C) Few of the early buyers of video recorders raised any complaints about performance aspects of the new product.
(D) The early buyers of a novel product are always people who are quick to acquire novelties, but also often as quick to tire of them.
(E) In a shrinking market, competition always intensifies and marginal businesses fail.

Answer Sheet:

1. B
2. D
3. E
4. C
5. A
6. B
7. E
8. C
9. B
10. C
11. E
12. D
13. E
14. E
15. A
16. B
17. C
18. C
19. C
20. D
21. E
22. A
23. A
24. C
25. D
26. D
27. C
28. D
29. E
30. D